:root {
  --ielts-navy: #071426;
  --ielts-indigo: #173c78;
  --ielts-teal: #15b8a6;
  --ielts-gold: #d7a62b;
  --ielts-paper: #f7fafc;
  --ielts-card: #ffffff;
  --ielts-ink: #102033;
  --ielts-muted: #607083;
  --ielts-border: #dce5ee;
}

/* IELTS typography contract — scoped to IELTS learning surfaces only. */
.ielts-hub,
.ielts-practice,
.ielts-static,
.ielts-reading,
.ielts-writing,
.ielts-speaking {
  font-family: Inter, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif;
}

.ielts-hub-page .page__title {
  display: none;
}

.ielts-hub {
  max-width: 1180px;
  margin: 0 auto;
  color: var(--ielts-ink);
}

.ielts-hub__hero {
  padding: clamp(2.4rem, 7vw, 5.6rem);
  border: 1px solid rgba(21, 184, 166, 0.22);
  border-radius: 1.75rem;
  color: #fff;
  background:
    radial-gradient(circle at 85% 15%, rgba(21, 184, 166, 0.22), transparent 34%),
    linear-gradient(135deg, var(--ielts-navy), var(--ielts-indigo));
  box-shadow: 0 1.5rem 4rem rgba(7, 20, 38, 0.2);
}

.ielts-hub__eyebrow {
  margin: 0 0 0.65rem;
  color: #a9fff5;
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  font-weight: 800;
  letter-spacing: 0.12em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.ielts-hub__hero h1 {
  margin: 0;
  color: #fff;
  font-size: clamp(2.4rem, 7vw, 5.3rem);
  line-height: 0.98;
  letter-spacing: -0.045em;
}

.ielts-hub__subtitle {
  max-width: 850px;
  margin: 1rem 0 0;
  color: #dffefa;
  font-size: clamp(1.12rem, 2.2vw, 1.55rem);
  font-weight: 700;
}

.ielts-hub__intro {
  max-width: 760px;
  margin: 1rem 0 0;
  color: #e2e8f0;
}

.ielts-hub__actions {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 0.75rem;
  margin-top: 1.5rem;
}

.ielts-hub__actions .btn {
  margin: 0;
  border-radius: 0.75rem;
}

.ielts-hub__actions .btn:focus-visible,
.ielts-skill-card:focus-visible {
  outline: 3px solid var(--ielts-gold);
  outline-offset: 3px;
}

.ielts-hub__section,
.ielts-hub__journey {
  margin-top: 2rem;
  padding: clamp(1.4rem, 4vw, 2.5rem);
  border: 1px solid var(--ielts-border);
  border-radius: 1.4rem;
  background: var(--ielts-card);
}

.ielts-hub__section .ielts-hub__eyebrow,
.ielts-hub__journey .ielts-hub__eyebrow {
  color: #087f74;
}

.ielts-hub__section h2,
.ielts-hub__journey h2 {
  margin-top: 0;
}

.ielts-hub__grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));
  gap: 1rem;
}

.ielts-skill-card {
  display: flex;
  min-height: 13rem;
  flex-direction: column;
  justify-content: flex-end;
  padding: 1.35rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--ielts-border);
  border-radius: 1rem;
  color: var(--ielts-ink) !important;
  background: linear-gradient(180deg, #fff, var(--ielts-paper));
  text-decoration: none !important;
  transition: transform 0.18s ease, border-color 0.18s ease, box-shadow 0.18s ease;
}

.ielts-skill-card:hover,
.ielts-skill-card:focus-visible {
  border-color: var(--ielts-teal);
  box-shadow: 0 1rem 2.5rem rgba(7, 20, 38, 0.1);
  transform: translateY(-3px);
}

.ielts-skill-card > span {
  margin-bottom: auto;
  color: #087f74;
  font-size: 0.78rem;
  font-weight: 850;
  letter-spacing: 0.08em;
}

.ielts-skill-card h3 {
  margin: 0 0 0.4rem;
}

.ielts-skill-card p {
  margin: 0;
  color: var(--ielts-muted);
}

.ielts-hub__notice {
  margin-top: 2rem;
  padding: 1rem 1.1rem;
  border-left: 4px solid var(--ielts-gold);
  border-radius: 0.55rem;
  background: rgba(215, 166, 43, 0.09);
}

.ielts-practice-page .page__title {
  display: none;
}

.ielts-practice {
  max-width: 980px;
  margin: 0 auto;
  color: var(--ielts-ink);
}

.ielts-practice__header {
  padding: clamp(1.8rem, 5vw, 3.5rem);
  border-radius: 1.5rem;
  color: #fff;
  background:
    radial-gradient(circle at 90% 0%, rgba(21, 184, 166, 0.22), transparent 32%),
    linear-gradient(135deg, var(--ielts-navy), var(--ielts-indigo));
}

.ielts-practice__header h1 {
  margin: 0;
  color: #fff;
  font-size: clamp(2rem, 6vw, 3.8rem);
  line-height: 1;
  letter-spacing: -0.04em;
}

.ielts-practice__header p:last-child {
  max-width: 760px;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  color: #e2e8f0;
}

.ielts-practice__eyebrow,
.ielts-practice__label {
  margin: 0 0 0.45rem;
  color: #087f74;
  font-size: 0.76rem;
  font-weight: 850;
  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.ielts-practice__header .ielts-practice__eyebrow {
  color: #a9fff5;
}

.ielts-practice__status,
.ielts-practice__panel {
  margin-top: 1.25rem;
  padding: clamp(1.15rem, 3vw, 1.8rem);
  border: 1px solid var(--ielts-border);
  border-radius: 1.15rem;
  background: var(--ielts-card);
}

.ielts-practice__status {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) auto;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 1rem;
}

.ielts-practice__status h2,
.ielts-practice__panel h2 {
  margin: 0 0 0.5rem;
}

.ielts-practice__timer {
  min-width: 9rem;
  padding: 1rem 1.2rem;
  border-radius: 1rem;
  color: #fff;
  background: var(--ielts-navy);
  text-align: center;
}

.ielts-practice__timer .ielts-practice__label {
  color: #a9fff5;
}

.ielts-practice__timer strong {
  display: block;
  font-size: clamp(1.8rem, 5vw, 2.8rem);
  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
  line-height: 1;
}

.ielts-practice__controls {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 0.65rem;
  margin-top: 1rem;
}

.ielts-practice__controls .btn,
.ielts-practice__panel .btn {
  margin: 0;
  border-radius: 0.7rem;
}

.ielts-practice__controls .btn:focus-visible,
.ielts-practice__panel .btn:focus-visible,
.ielts-practice textarea:focus-visible {
  outline: 3px solid var(--ielts-gold);
  outline-offset: 3px;
}

.ielts-practice__panel-heading {
  display: flex;
  align-items: start;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 1rem;
}

.ielts-practice__grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
  gap: 1.25rem;
}

.ielts-practice__field-label {
  display: block;
  margin: 1rem 0 0.45rem;
  font-weight: 700;
}

.ielts-practice textarea {
  width: 100%;
  min-height: 8rem;
  padding: 0.9rem 1rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--ielts-border);
  border-radius: 0.8rem;
  color: var(--ielts-ink);
  background: #fff;
  font: inherit;
  resize: vertical;
}

.ielts-practice__save-status {
  margin: 0.6rem 0 0;
  color: var(--ielts-muted);
  font-size: 0.88rem;
}

.ielts-practice__privacy {
  margin-top: 1.25rem;
  padding: 1rem 1.1rem;
  border-left: 4px solid var(--ielts-teal);
  border-radius: 0.6rem;
  background: rgba(21, 184, 166, 0.08);
}

.ielts-practice [hidden] {
  display: none !important;
}

@media (max-width: 900px) {
  .ielts-hub__grid {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
  }
}

@media (max-width: 680px) {
  .ielts-practice__status,
  .ielts-practice__grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .ielts-practice__timer {
    width: 100%;
  }

  .ielts-practice__panel-heading {
    align-items: stretch;
    flex-direction: column;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 560px) {
  .ielts-hub__hero,
  .ielts-practice__header {
    border-radius: 1.15rem;
  }

  .ielts-hub__grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .ielts-skill-card {
    min-height: 10rem;
  }

  .ielts-practice__controls .btn,
  .ielts-practice__panel .btn {
    flex: 1 1 100%;
    text-align: center;
  }
}

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  .ielts-hub *,
  .ielts-practice *,
  .ielts-static *,
  .ielts-reading *,
  .ielts-writing *,
  .ielts-speaking * {
    animation-duration: 0.001ms !important;
    animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
    scroll-behavior: auto !important;
    transition-duration: 0.001ms !important;
  }
}

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  .ielts-skill-card {
    transition: none;
  }

  .ielts-skill-card:hover,
  .ielts-skill-card:focus-visible {
    transform: none;
  }
}

/* Phase 2B — local-first Writing Lab */
.ielts-writing-page .page__title {
  display: none;
}

.ielts-writing {
  max-width: 980px;
  margin: 0 auto;
  color: var(--ielts-ink);
}

.ielts-writing__header {
  padding: clamp(1.8rem, 5vw, 3.5rem);
  border-radius: 1.5rem;
  color: #fff;
  background:
    radial-gradient(circle at 88% 6%, rgba(215, 166, 43, 0.2), transparent 28%),
    linear-gradient(135deg, var(--ielts-navy), var(--ielts-indigo));
}

.ielts-writing__header h1 {
  max-width: 760px;
  margin: 0;
  color: #fff;
  font-size: clamp(2rem, 6vw, 3.8rem);
  line-height: 1;
  letter-spacing: -0.04em;
}

.ielts-writing__header p:last-child {
  max-width: 700px;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  color: #e2e8f0;
}

.ielts-writing__eyebrow,
.ielts-writing__label {
  margin: 0 0 0.45rem;
  color: #087f74;
  font-size: 0.76rem;
  font-weight: 850;
  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.ielts-writing__header .ielts-writing__eyebrow {
  color: #a9fff5;
}

.ielts-writing__panel {
  margin-top: 1.25rem;
  padding: clamp(1.15rem, 3vw, 1.8rem);
  border: 1px solid var(--ielts-border);
  border-radius: 1.15rem;
  background: var(--ielts-card);
}

.ielts-writing__panel h2,
.ielts-writing__panel h3 {
  margin-top: 0;
}

.ielts-writing__setup-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
  gap: 1rem;
}

.ielts-writing__field-label {
  display: block;
  margin: 1rem 0 0.45rem;
  color: var(--ielts-ink);
  font-weight: 700;
}

.ielts-writing select,
.ielts-writing textarea {
  width: 100%;
  padding: 0.9rem 1rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--ielts-border);
  border-radius: 0.8rem;
  color: var(--ielts-ink);
  background: #fff;
  font: inherit;
}

.ielts-writing textarea {
  min-height: 8rem;
  resize: vertical;
}

.ielts-writing select:focus-visible,
.ielts-writing textarea:focus-visible,
.ielts-writing button:focus-visible,
.ielts-writing input:focus-visible {
  outline: 3px solid var(--ielts-gold);
  outline-offset: 3px;
}

.ielts-writing__privacy,
.ielts-writing__notice {
  margin: 1rem 0 0;
  padding: 0.9rem 1rem;
  border-left: 4px solid var(--ielts-teal);
  border-radius: 0.6rem;
  color: var(--ielts-muted);
  background: rgba(21, 184, 166, 0.08);
}

.ielts-writing__prompt {
  border-color: rgba(21, 184, 166, 0.38);
  background: linear-gradient(145deg, #fff, #f1fbfa);
}

.ielts-writing__prompt-text {
  white-space: pre-line;
  font-size: 1.08rem;
  line-height: 1.75;
}

.ielts-writing__threshold,
.ielts-writing__help,
.ielts-writing__save-status,
.ielts-writing__review-summary {
  color: var(--ielts-muted);
  font-size: 0.9rem;
}

.ielts-writing__panel-heading,
.ielts-writing__timer-panel,
.ielts-writing__actions-panel {
  display: flex;
  align-items: start;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 1rem;
}

.ielts-writing__word-count {
  min-width: 11rem;
  padding: 0.75rem 0.9rem;
  border-radius: 0.8rem;
  color: #fff;
  background: var(--ielts-navy);
  text-align: right;
}

.ielts-writing__word-count strong,
.ielts-writing__word-count span {
  display: block;
}

.ielts-writing__word-count strong {
  font-size: 1.25rem;
  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
}

.ielts-writing__word-count span {
  margin-top: 0.25rem;
  color: #c8d6e4;
  font-size: 0.75rem;
}

.ielts-writing__word-count span.is-ready {
  color: #a9fff5;
}

.ielts-writing__word-count span.is-over {
  color: #ffd88a;
}

.ielts-writing__timer-panel {
  align-items: center;
  background: linear-gradient(145deg, #f8fbff, #eef8f7);
}

.ielts-writing__timer-box {
  min-width: 10rem;
  padding: 1rem 1.25rem;
  border-radius: 1rem;
  color: #fff;
  background: var(--ielts-navy);
  text-align: center;
}

.ielts-writing__timer-box .ielts-writing__label {
  color: #a9fff5;
}

.ielts-writing__timer-box strong {
  display: block;
  font-size: clamp(1.8rem, 5vw, 2.8rem);
  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
  line-height: 1;
}

.ielts-writing__timer-copy {
  flex: 1;
}

.ielts-writing__timer-copy h2 {
  margin-bottom: 0.35rem;
}

.ielts-writing__controls {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 0.65rem;
  margin-top: 0.8rem;
}

.ielts-writing__controls .btn {
  margin: 0;
  border-radius: 0.7rem;
}

.ielts-writing__checklist,
.ielts-writing__model ul,
.ielts-writing__model ol {
  margin: 0;
  padding-left: 1.35rem;
}

.ielts-writing__checklist {
  display: grid;
  gap: 0.7rem;
}

.ielts-writing__checklist li {
  padding: 0.7rem 0.8rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--ielts-border);
  border-radius: 0.65rem;
  background: var(--ielts-paper);
  list-style: none;
}

.ielts-writing__checklist label {
  display: flex;
  align-items: flex-start;
  gap: 0.6rem;
  color: var(--ielts-ink);
  cursor: pointer;
}

.ielts-writing__checklist input {
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  margin-top: 0.25rem;
  accent-color: var(--ielts-teal);
}

.ielts-writing__model {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));
  gap: 1.25rem;
  margin: 1rem 0;
  padding: 1rem;
  border-radius: 0.8rem;
  background: #f4f8fb;
}

.ielts-writing [hidden] {
  display: none !important;
}

.ielts-writing__notice {
  margin-top: 1.25rem;
  border-left-color: var(--ielts-gold);
  color: var(--ielts-ink);
  background: #fffaf0;
}

@media (max-width: 680px) {
  .ielts-writing__setup-grid,
  .ielts-writing__model {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .ielts-writing__panel-heading,
  .ielts-writing__timer-panel,
  .ielts-writing__actions-panel {
    align-items: stretch;
    flex-direction: column;
  }

  .ielts-writing__word-count,
  .ielts-writing__timer-box {
    width: 100%;
    text-align: left;
  }

  .ielts-writing__word-count strong,
  .ielts-writing__word-count span {
    display: inline;
  }

  .ielts-writing__word-count span {
    margin-left: 0.5rem;
  }

  .ielts-writing__controls .btn {
    flex: 1 1 100%;
    text-align: center;
  }
}

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  .ielts-writing * {
    scroll-behavior: auto !important;
    transition: none !important;
  }
}

/* Phase 2C — local-first Speaking Simulator */
.ielts-speaking-page .page__title {
  display: none;
}

.ielts-speaking {
  max-width: 980px;
  margin: 0 auto;
  color: var(--ielts-ink);
}

.ielts-speaking__header {
  padding: clamp(1.8rem, 5vw, 3.5rem);
  border-radius: 1.5rem;
  color: #fff;
  background:
    radial-gradient(circle at 90% 5%, rgba(21, 184, 166, 0.24), transparent 30%),
    linear-gradient(135deg, var(--ielts-navy), var(--ielts-indigo));
}

.ielts-speaking__header h1 {
  max-width: 760px;
  margin: 0;
  color: #fff;
  font-size: clamp(2rem, 6vw, 3.8rem);
  line-height: 1;
  letter-spacing: -0.04em;
}

.ielts-speaking__header p:last-child {
  max-width: 720px;
  margin-bottom: 0;
  color: #e2e8f0;
}

.ielts-speaking__eyebrow,
.ielts-speaking__label {
  margin: 0 0 0.45rem;
  color: #087f74;
  font-size: 0.76rem;
  font-weight: 850;
  letter-spacing: 0.1em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.ielts-speaking__header .ielts-speaking__eyebrow {
  color: #a9fff5;
}

.ielts-speaking__panel {
  margin-top: 1.25rem;
  padding: clamp(1.15rem, 3vw, 1.8rem);
  border: 1px solid var(--ielts-border);
  border-radius: 1.15rem;
  background: var(--ielts-card);
}

.ielts-speaking__panel h2 {
  margin-top: 0;
}

.ielts-speaking__setup-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1fr) minmax(10rem, 0.35fr);
  gap: 1rem;
  align-items: end;
}

.ielts-speaking__field-label {
  display: block;
  margin: 1rem 0 0.45rem;
  color: var(--ielts-ink);
  font-weight: 700;
}

.ielts-speaking select,
.ielts-speaking textarea {
  width: 100%;
  padding: 0.9rem 1rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--ielts-border);
  border-radius: 0.8rem;
  color: var(--ielts-ink);
  background: #fff;
  font: inherit;
}

.ielts-speaking textarea {
  min-height: 7rem;
  resize: vertical;
}

.ielts-speaking select:focus-visible,
.ielts-speaking textarea:focus-visible,
.ielts-speaking button:focus-visible,
.ielts-speaking input:focus-visible {
  outline: 3px solid var(--ielts-gold);
  outline-offset: 3px;
}

.ielts-speaking__panel-heading,
.ielts-speaking__timer-panel {
  display: flex;
  align-items: flex-start;
  justify-content: space-between;
  gap: 1rem;
}

.ielts-speaking__prompt {
  border-color: rgba(21, 184, 166, 0.38);
  background: linear-gradient(145deg, #fff, #f1fbfa);
}

.ielts-speaking__prompt [data-speaking-prompt] {
  line-height: 1.7;
}

.ielts-speaking__prompt [data-speaking-prompt] > :last-child {
  margin-bottom: 0;
}

.ielts-speaking__timer-panel {
  align-items: center;
  background: linear-gradient(145deg, #f8fbff, #eef8f7);
}

.ielts-speaking__timer-box {
  min-width: 10rem;
  padding: 1rem 1.25rem;
  border-radius: 1rem;
  color: #fff;
  background: var(--ielts-navy);
  text-align: center;
}

.ielts-speaking__timer-box .ielts-speaking__label {
  color: #a9fff5;
}

.ielts-speaking__timer-box strong {
  display: block;
  font-size: clamp(1.8rem, 5vw, 2.8rem);
  font-variant-numeric: tabular-nums;
  line-height: 1;
}

.ielts-speaking__timer-copy {
  flex: 1;
}

.ielts-speaking__controls {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: 0.65rem;
  margin-top: 1rem;
}

.ielts-speaking__controls .btn {
  margin: 0;
  border-radius: 0.7rem;
}

.ielts-speaking__checklist {
  display: grid;
  gap: 0.7rem;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}

.ielts-speaking__checklist li {
  padding: 0.75rem 0.85rem;
  border: 1px solid var(--ielts-border);
  border-radius: 0.7rem;
  background: var(--ielts-paper);
  list-style: none;
}

.ielts-speaking__checklist label {
  display: flex;
  align-items: flex-start;
  gap: 0.65rem;
  color: var(--ielts-ink);
  cursor: pointer;
}

.ielts-speaking__checklist input {
  flex: 0 0 auto;
  margin-top: 0.25rem;
  accent-color: var(--ielts-teal);
}

.ielts-speaking__help,
.ielts-speaking__review-summary,
.ielts-speaking__save-status {
  color: var(--ielts-muted);
  font-size: 0.9rem;
}

.ielts-speaking__notice {
  margin-top: 1.25rem;
  padding: 1rem 1.1rem;
  border-left: 4px solid var(--ielts-gold);
  border-radius: 0.65rem;
  color: var(--ielts-ink);
  background: #fffaf0;
}

@media (max-width: 680px) {
  .ielts-speaking__setup-grid {
    grid-template-columns: 1fr;
  }

  .ielts-speaking__panel-heading,
  .ielts-speaking__timer-panel {
    align-items: stretch;
    flex-direction: column;
  }

  .ielts-speaking__timer-box {
    width: 100%;
    text-align: left;
  }

  .ielts-speaking__controls .btn {
    flex: 1 1 100%;
    text-align: center;
  }
}

@media (max-width: 560px) {
  .ielts-speaking__header {
    border-radius: 1.15rem;
  }
}

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  .ielts-speaking * {
    scroll-behavior: auto !important;
    transition: none !important;
    animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
  }
}

/* =========================================================
   IELTS course-wide contrast invariant
   WCAG 2.1 AA target:
   - normal text >= 4.5:1
   - large text >= 3:1
   - focus/UI boundaries >= 3:1
   Light IELTS surfaces own dark foregrounds explicitly.
   Dark IELTS surfaces own light foregrounds explicitly.
   ========================================================= */

:is(
  .ielts-hub-page,
  .ielts-practice-page,
  .ielts-writing-page,
  .ielts-speaking-page,
  .ielts-reading-page,
  .ielts-static-page
) {
  --ielts-contrast-ink: #102033;
  --ielts-contrast-body: #33485b;
  --ielts-contrast-muted: #536579;
  --ielts-contrast-link: #075f59;
  --ielts-contrast-link-hover: #064e4a;
  --ielts-contrast-border: #718394;
  --ielts-contrast-focus: #b7791f;
  --ielts-contrast-primary: #0f766e;
  --ielts-contrast-primary-hover: #087f74;
  --ielts-contrast-dark: #071426;
  --ielts-contrast-on-dark: #ffffff;
  --ielts-contrast-on-dark-muted: #e2e8f0;
  --ielts-contrast-on-dark-accent: #a9fff5;
}

/* Theme-normalization: prevent global skin colors from leaking into IELTS light surfaces. */
:is(
  .ielts-hub-page,
  .ielts-practice-page,
  .ielts-writing-page,
  .ielts-speaking-page,
  .ielts-reading-page,
  .ielts-static-page
) :is(.page__content, .sidebar) {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-ink);
}

:is(
  .ielts-hub-page,
  .ielts-practice-page,
  .ielts-writing-page,
  .ielts-speaking-page,
  .ielts-reading-page,
  .ielts-static-page
) :is(.page__title, .page__content h1, .page__content h2, .page__content h3, .page__content h4) {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-ink) !important;
}

:is(
  .ielts-hub-page,
  .ielts-practice-page,
  .ielts-writing-page,
  .ielts-speaking-page,
  .ielts-reading-page,
  .ielts-static-page
) :is(.breadcrumbs, .breadcrumbs a) {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-body) !important;
}

:is(
  .ielts-hub,
  .ielts-practice,
  .ielts-writing,
  .ielts-speaking,
  .ielts-reading,
  .ielts-static
) :is(h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, strong, label, legend, summary) {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-ink) !important;
}

:is(
  .ielts-hub,
  .ielts-practice,
  .ielts-writing,
  .ielts-speaking,
  .ielts-reading,
  .ielts-static
) :is(p, li, dd, dt, small, span) {
  color: inherit;
}

:is(
  .ielts-hub,
  .ielts-practice,
  .ielts-writing,
  .ielts-speaking,
  .ielts-reading,
  .ielts-static
) a:not(.btn):not(.ielts-skill-card) {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-link) !important;
  text-decoration-color: currentColor;
}

:is(
  .ielts-hub,
  .ielts-practice,
  .ielts-writing,
  .ielts-speaking,
  .ielts-reading,
  .ielts-static
) a:not(.btn):not(.ielts-skill-card):hover {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-link-hover) !important;
}

/* Light cards and generated controls must never inherit pale text. */
:is(
  .ielts-hub__section,
  .ielts-hub__journey,
  .ielts-skill-card,
  .ielts-practice__status,
  .ielts-practice__panel,
  .ielts-writing__panel,
  .ielts-speaking__panel,
  .ielts-reading__panel,
  .ielts-static__panel
) {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-ink) !important;
}

:is(
  .ielts-hub__section,
  .ielts-hub__journey,
  .ielts-skill-card,
  .ielts-practice__status,
  .ielts-practice__panel,
  .ielts-writing__panel,
  .ielts-speaking__panel,
  .ielts-reading__panel,
  .ielts-static__panel
) :is(h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, strong, label, legend) {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-ink) !important;
}

:is(
  .ielts-hub__section,
  .ielts-hub__journey,
  .ielts-skill-card,
  .ielts-practice__status,
  .ielts-practice__panel,
  .ielts-writing__panel,
  .ielts-speaking__panel,
  .ielts-reading__panel,
  .ielts-static__panel
) :is(p, li, small) {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-body) !important;
}

:is(
  .ielts-practice__save-status,
  .ielts-writing__threshold,
  .ielts-writing__help,
  .ielts-writing__save-status,
  .ielts-writing__review-summary,
  .ielts-speaking__help,
  .ielts-speaking__review-summary,
  .ielts-speaking__save-status,
  .ielts-reading__help,
  .ielts-reading__save-status,
  .ielts-reading__error-meta
) {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-muted) !important;
}

/* Small teal labels remain >= 4.5:1 on white/light-paper backgrounds. */
:is(
  .ielts-hub__section,
  .ielts-hub__journey,
  .ielts-skill-card,
  .ielts-practice__status,
  .ielts-practice__panel,
  .ielts-writing__panel,
  .ielts-speaking__panel,
  .ielts-reading__panel
) :is(
  .ielts-hub__eyebrow,
  .ielts-practice__eyebrow,
  .ielts-practice__label,
  .ielts-writing__eyebrow,
  .ielts-writing__label,
  .ielts-speaking__eyebrow,
  .ielts-speaking__label,
  .ielts-reading__eyebrow,
  .ielts-reading__label,
  .ielts-reading__question-type
) {
  color: #087f74 !important;
}

/* Dark IELTS surfaces own their light foregrounds explicitly. */
:is(
  .ielts-hub__hero,
  .ielts-practice__header,
  .ielts-writing__header,
  .ielts-speaking__header,
  .ielts-reading__header,
  .ielts-practice__timer,
  .ielts-writing__timer-box,
  .ielts-writing__word-count,
  .ielts-speaking__timer-box,
  .ielts-reading__timer-box
) {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-on-dark) !important;
}

:is(
  .ielts-hub__hero,
  .ielts-practice__header,
  .ielts-writing__header,
  .ielts-speaking__header,
  .ielts-reading__header,
  .ielts-practice__timer,
  .ielts-writing__timer-box,
  .ielts-writing__word-count,
  .ielts-speaking__timer-box,
  .ielts-reading__timer-box
) :is(h1, h2, h3, h4, strong) {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-on-dark) !important;
}

:is(
  .ielts-hub__hero,
  .ielts-practice__header,
  .ielts-writing__header,
  .ielts-speaking__header,
  .ielts-reading__header
) :is(p, span) {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-on-dark-muted) !important;
}

:is(
  .ielts-hub__hero,
  .ielts-practice__header,
  .ielts-writing__header,
  .ielts-speaking__header,
  .ielts-reading__header,
  .ielts-practice__timer,
  .ielts-writing__timer-box,
  .ielts-speaking__timer-box,
  .ielts-reading__timer-box
) :is(
  .ielts-hub__eyebrow,
  .ielts-practice__eyebrow,
  .ielts-practice__label,
  .ielts-writing__eyebrow,
  .ielts-writing__label,
  .ielts-speaking__eyebrow,
  .ielts-speaking__label,
  .ielts-reading__eyebrow,
  .ielts-reading__label
) {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-on-dark-accent) !important;
}

/* Buttons use deterministic AA-safe states instead of theme inheritance. */
:is(
  .ielts-hub,
  .ielts-practice,
  .ielts-writing,
  .ielts-speaking,
  .ielts-reading,
  .ielts-static
) .btn {
  border: 1px solid var(--ielts-contrast-border) !important;
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-ink) !important;
  background: #ffffff !important;
}

:is(
  .ielts-hub,
  .ielts-practice,
  .ielts-writing,
  .ielts-speaking,
  .ielts-reading,
  .ielts-static
) .btn:hover:not(:disabled) {
  border-color: var(--ielts-contrast-primary) !important;
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-primary-hover) !important;
  background: #f4fbfa !important;
}

:is(
  .ielts-hub,
  .ielts-practice,
  .ielts-writing,
  .ielts-speaking,
  .ielts-reading,
  .ielts-static
) .btn--primary {
  border-color: var(--ielts-contrast-primary) !important;
  color: #ffffff !important;
  background: var(--ielts-contrast-primary) !important;
}

:is(
  .ielts-hub,
  .ielts-practice,
  .ielts-writing,
  .ielts-speaking,
  .ielts-reading,
  .ielts-static
) .btn--primary:hover:not(:disabled) {
  border-color: var(--ielts-contrast-primary-hover) !important;
  color: #ffffff !important;
  background: var(--ielts-contrast-primary-hover) !important;
}

:is(
  .ielts-hub,
  .ielts-practice,
  .ielts-writing,
  .ielts-speaking,
  .ielts-reading,
  .ielts-static
) .btn:disabled,
:is(
  .ielts-hub,
  .ielts-practice,
  .ielts-writing,
  .ielts-speaking,
  .ielts-reading,
  .ielts-static
) .btn--primary:disabled {
  border-color: #94a3b8 !important;
  color: #475569 !important;
  background: #eef2f7 !important;
  opacity: 1 !important;
  cursor: not-allowed;
}

:is(
  .ielts-hub,
  .ielts-practice,
  .ielts-writing,
  .ielts-speaking,
  .ielts-reading,
  .ielts-static
) :is(a, button, input, select, textarea, [tabindex]):focus-visible {
  outline: 3px solid var(--ielts-contrast-focus) !important;
  outline-offset: 3px !important;
}

/* IELTS sidebar navigation is part of the IELTS contrast contract too. */
:is(
  .ielts-hub-page,
  .ielts-practice-page,
  .ielts-writing-page,
  .ielts-speaking-page,
  .ielts-reading-page,
  .ielts-static-page
) .sidebar :is(.nav__sub-title, .nav__items a, .nav__items li) {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-ink) !important;
}

:is(
  .ielts-hub-page,
  .ielts-practice-page,
  .ielts-writing-page,
  .ielts-speaking-page,
  .ielts-reading-page,
  .ielts-static-page
) .sidebar .nav__items a:hover {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-link-hover) !important;
}

/* Own the remaining surfaces that the site skin otherwise paints dark. */
.ielts-static-page .page__inner-wrap {
  padding: clamp(1.2rem, 3vw, 2rem);
  border: 1px solid var(--ielts-border);
  border-radius: 1.25rem;
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-ink) !important;
  background: #ffffff !important;
}

.ielts-static-page .page__content {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-body) !important;
}

.ielts-static-page .page__content .ielts-static {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-body) !important;
}

.ielts-static-page :is(.page__title, .page__content h1, .page__content h2, .page__content h3) {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-ink) !important;
}

:is(
  .ielts-hub__notice,
  .ielts-practice__privacy,
  .ielts-writing__notice,
  .ielts-speaking__notice,
  .ielts-reading__notice
) {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-ink) !important;
  background: #fff8e8 !important;
}

:is(
  .ielts-hub__notice,
  .ielts-practice__privacy,
  .ielts-writing__notice,
  .ielts-speaking__notice,
  .ielts-reading__notice
) :is(strong, p, span, a) {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-ink) !important;
}

/* Plain IELTS pages: override explicit global dark-skin descendant colors. */
.ielts-static-page .page__content :is(p, li, dd, dt, em, span) {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-body) !important;
}

.ielts-static-page .page__content :is(strong, b) {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-ink) !important;
}

.ielts-static-page .page__content a {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-link) !important;
  text-decoration-color: currentColor !important;
}

.ielts-static-page .page__content a:hover {
  color: var(--ielts-contrast-link-hover) !important;
}


/* Exact-head certification identity refresh: typography/browser successor; no rendering change. */