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Study of Museum Specimens — Complete NU Coverage

Classification, Figure Cues & Identifying Characters

মূল Lecture: বাংলা
Technical Terms: English
Coverage: 48/48 unique syllabus labels

NU list-এ Echinus দুইবার printed; তাই 49 printed entries থেকে 48 unique labels পাওয়া যায়। এই page সব 48 unique label cover করে।

Museum Practical Answer Pattern

Specimen → Classification → 3–5 visible identifying characters → one diagnostic character → identification conclusion

Habitat বা disease information supporting evidence হতে পারে; preserved specimen spotting-এ প্রথম evidence হবে visible morphology।

Figure Guide

Figure specimen শনাক্তকরণে সহায়ক; চূড়ান্ত identification করতে নিচের visible morphology, diagnostic character এবং classification একসঙ্গে ব্যবহার করবে।

শুধুমাত্র taxon-matched, provenance-bound verified specimen image-ই এখানে দেখানো হবে। বর্তমানে ১৫টি exact-match image restored; অন্য ৩৩টি visual slot verification pending। Internal asset path, build metadata বা repository implementation detail student-facing page-এ দেখানো হবে না।

1. Sycon — Sycon ciliatum

Verified figure: Sycon ciliatum — preserved LBFL Practical museum-deck image.

Common name: Calcareous sponge / purse sponge

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Porifera
Class Calcarea
Subclass Calcaronea
Order Leucosolenida
Family Sycettidae
Genus Sycon
Representative Sycon ciliatum

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • দেহ ছোট, vase-shaped বা cylindrical এবং substratum-এর সঙ্গে attached।
  • শীর্ষে terminal osculum থাকে।
  • Osculum-এর চারপাশে long calcareous spicules-এর fringe থাকে।
  • Body wall-এ অসংখ্য ostia থাকে।
  • Canal system syconoid type; skeleton calcareous spicules-নির্মিত।

Diagnostic character: Porous body + terminal osculum + calcareous spicules.

Practical identification

অসংখ্য ostia, terminal osculum এবং calcareous spicules-এর কারণে specimen-টি Sycon।

Taxonomy / syllabus note: Family-level usage sourceভেদে পরিবর্তিত হতে পারে; exam-এ departmental classification preserve করবে।

2. Physalia — Physalia physalis

Common name: Portuguese man-of-war

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Hydrozoa
Clade Hydroidolina
Order Siphonophorae
Suborder Cystonectae
Family Physaliidae
Genus Physalia
Species P. physalis

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • এটি একক medusa নয়; একটি polymorphic colonial hydrozoan।
  • উপরের gas-filled pneumatophore নীল-বেগুনি float তৈরি করে।
  • Float-এ crest/sail-like ridge থাকে।
  • নিচে food-capture ও defence-এর জন্য বহু zooid ও অত্যন্ত দীর্ঘ tentacles থাকে।
  • Tentacles-এ শক্তিশালী nematocysts থাকে।

Diagnostic character: Large gas-filled pneumatophore with long trailing tentacles in a siphonophore colony.

Practical identification

Gas-filled pneumatophore এবং long tentacular zooids থাকার কারণে specimen-টি Physalia।

3. Metridium — Metridium senile

Common name: Frilled sea anemone

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Anthozoa
Subclass Hexacorallia
Order Actiniaria
Family Metridiidae
Genus Metridium
Representative M. senile

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Body cylindrical polyp; medusa stage absent।
  • Broad pedal disc দ্বারা substratum-এ attached।
  • Oral disc-এর কেন্দ্রে mouth এবং চারদিকে অসংখ্য slender tentacles।
  • Body wall soft; hard skeleton absent।
  • Oral region expanded হলে characteristic frilled appearance দেখা যায়।

Diagnostic character: Large soft sea-anemone polyp with broad pedal disc and numerous fine tentacles.

Practical identification

Broad pedal disc, columnar body এবং numerous oral tentacles-এর কারণে specimen-টি Metridium।

4. Adamsia — Adamsia palliata

Verified figure: Adamsia palliata — preserved LBFL Practical museum-deck image.

Common name: Cloak anemone / hermit-crab anemone

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Anthozoa
Subclass Hexacorallia
Order Actiniaria
Family Hormathiidae
Genus Adamsia
Species A. palliata

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • দেহ polyp form; medusa stage absent।
  • Oral disc-এ central mouth ও বহু tentacles।
  • Tentacles-এ cnidocytes/nematocysts থাকে।
  • Basal pedal disc বিস্তৃত।
  • Gastropod shell-এ hermit crab-এর সঙ্গে association-এ পাওয়া যায়।

Diagnostic character: Sea-anemone polyp attached to/associated with a gastropod shell and hermit crab.

Practical identification

Tentacled actiniarian polyp এবং hermit-crab association-এর কারণে specimen-টি Adamsia।

5. Arenicola — Arenicola marina

Common name: Lugworm

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Annelida
Traditional class Polychaeta
Clade Sedentaria
Group Scolecida
Family Arenicolidae
Genus Arenicola
Representative A. marina

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • দেহ মোটা, elongated ও distinctly segmented।
  • Anterior region তুলনামূলক swollen; posterior tail region narrow।
  • Mid-body segments-এ paired, bushy branchiae/gills থাকে।
  • Parapodia reduced; chaetae present।
  • Marine sand/mud burrow-এ বসবাসকারী lugworm।

Diagnostic character: Robust segmented polychaete with conspicuous paired bushy gills on mid-body.

Practical identification

Segmented body এবং mid-body-তে paired bushy gills থাকার কারণে specimen-টি Arenicola।

6. Tubifex — Tubifex tubifex

Verified figure: Tubifex tubifex — preserved LBFL Practical museum-deck image.

Common name: Sludge worm

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Annelida
Class Clitellata
Traditional group Oligochaeta
Order Tubificida
Family Naididae
Subfamily Tubificinae
Genus Tubifex
Species T. tubifex

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • দেহ অত্যন্ত slender, elongated ও segmented।
  • Living specimen সাধারণত reddish।
  • Segments-এ chaetae থাকে; parapodia absent।
  • Organic-rich freshwater mud/sludge-এ পাওয়া যায়।
  • True metameric segmentation স্পষ্ট।

Diagnostic character: Very slender aquatic annelid with true segmentation and chaetae.

Practical identification

সরু segmented aquatic body এবং chaetae-এর কারণে specimen-টি Tubifex।

7. Metaphere — “Metaphere” — syllabus label; probable Metaphire sp.

Common name: Earthworm-type megascolecid

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Annelida
Class Clitellata
Clade Crassiclitellata
Family Megascolecidae
Probable genus Metaphire
Syllabus label Metaphere

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • দেহ cylindrical ও metamerically segmented।
  • Mature specimen-এ clitellum থাকে।
  • Megascolecid earthworm-এ বহু chaetae per segment থাকতে পারে।
  • External genital pores ও spermathecal pores specimen identification-এ গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।
  • Jar label এবং departmental key species-level identification-এর জন্য অপরিহার্য।

Diagnostic character: Earthworm morphology with megascolecid/perichaetine pattern, but syllabus spelling is taxonomically ambiguous.

Practical identification

Syllabus label “Metaphere” অনুযায়ী specimen-টি earthworm-type megascolecid; final genus spelling jar label ও departmental key দিয়ে verify করতে হবে।

Taxonomy / syllabus note: এটিকে automaticভাবে Metaphire posthuma ধরে নেওয়া হবে না, কারণ একই NU list-এ “Pheretima” আলাদা entry।

8. Tomopteris — Tomopteris sp.

Common name: Pelagic polychaete

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Annelida
Traditional class Polychaeta
Clade Errantia
Order Phyllodocida
Family Tomopteridae
Genus Tomopteris

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Body slender, delicate ও প্রায় transparent।
  • Pelagic life-এর জন্য lateral paddle-like parapodia অত্যন্ত developed।
  • Head-এ elongated tentacular structures/cirri থাকে।
  • Typical chaetae largely absent in adult Tomopteris।
  • Parapodia sequentialভাবে body-এর দুই পাশে prominent।

Diagnostic character: Transparent pelagic polychaete with conspicuous paddle-like parapodia.

Practical identification

Transparent body ও enlarged paddle-like parapodia থাকার কারণে specimen-টি Tomopteris।

9. Amphitrite — Amphitrite ornata

Common name: Terebellid / spaghetti worm

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Annelida
Traditional class Polychaeta
Clade Sedentaria
Order Terebellida
Family Terebellidae
Genus Amphitrite
Representative A. ornata

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Anterior end থেকে বহু long, thread-like feeding tentacles বের হয়।
  • Anterior segments-এ branched gills থাকে।
  • Body segmented; chaetae-bearing parapodial structures comparatively reduced।
  • Tube-dwelling sedentary polychaete।
  • Posterior body elongated ও more uniform।

Diagnostic character: Numerous long feeding tentacles plus anterior branched gills.

Practical identification

Head region-এ numerous feeding tentacles এবং anterior branched gills থাকার কারণে specimen-টি Amphitrite।

10. Lumbricus — Lumbricus terrestris

Verified figure: Lumbricus terrestris — preserved LBFL Practical museum-deck image.

Common name: Common earthworm

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Annelida
Class Clitellata
Clade Crassiclitellata
Family Lumbricidae
Genus Lumbricus
Species L. terrestris

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • দেহ cylindrical ও externally segmented।
  • Typical segment-এ সাধারণত 8 chaetae থাকে।
  • Mature specimen-এ conspicuous clitellum।
  • L. terrestris-এ clitellum প্রায় segments 32–37।
  • Dorsal side darker, ventral side lighter হতে পারে।

Diagnostic character: Earthworm with few paired chaetae and relatively posterior clitellum.

Practical identification

Segmented body, paired chaetae এবং posteriorly placed clitellum-এর কারণে specimen-টি Lumbricus।

11. Ancylostoma — Ancylostoma duodenale

Verified figure: Ancylostoma duodenale — preserved LBFL Practical museum-deck image.

Common name: Old World hookworm

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Nematoda
Class Chromadorea
Order Rhabditida
Superfamily Strongyloidea
Family Ancylostomatidae
Genus Ancylostoma
Species A. duodenale

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Body slender, cylindrical ও unsegmented।
  • Anterior end characteristicভাবে hook-like bent।
  • Buccal capsule-এ teeth থাকে।
  • Sexes separate।
  • Male posterior end-এ copulatory bursa থাকে।

Diagnostic character: Hooked anterior end + toothed buccal capsule; male with copulatory bursa.

Practical identification

Hook-shaped anterior end এবং copulatory bursa-এর কারণে specimen-টি Ancylostoma।

12. Enterobius — Enterobius vermicularis

Verified figure: Enterobius vermicularis — preserved LBFL Practical museum-deck image.

Common name: Pinworm

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Nematoda
Class Chromadorea
Order Rhabditida
Superfamily Oxyuroidea
Family Oxyuridae
Genus Enterobius
Species E. vermicularis

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Small, slender, white thread-like worm।
  • Anterior end-এ cephalic alae থাকে।
  • Posterior oesophagus-এ prominent bulb।
  • Female-এর tail long এবং pointed; male much smaller ও posteriorly curved।
  • Egg asymmetrical; এক পাশ flattened।

Diagnostic character: Cephalic alae + long pointed female tail.

Practical identification

Cephalic alae এবং female-এর pointed tail থাকার কারণে specimen-টি Enterobius vermicularis।

13. Wuchereria — Wuchereria bancrofti

Verified figure: Wuchereria bancrofti — preserved LBFL Practical museum-deck image.

Common name: Filarial worm

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Nematoda
Class Chromadorea
Order Rhabditida
Superfamily Filarioidea
Family Onchocercidae
Genus Wuchereria
Species W. bancrofti

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Adult body extremely slender, long ও thread-like।
  • Sexes separate; female larger।
  • Adults lymphatic vessels-এ থাকে।
  • Microfilaria sheathed।
  • Stained microfilaria-তে nuclei tail-tip পর্যন্ত পৌঁছায় না।

Diagnostic character: Sheathed microfilaria with terminal tail free of nuclei.

Practical identification

Thread-like filarial form এবং microfilarial tail-tip-এ nuclei অনুপস্থিত থাকার কারণে specimen-টি Wuchereria bancrofti।

Taxonomy / syllabus note: Adult museum specimen এবং blood-smear microfilaria-র diagnostic characters আলাদা।

14. Trichinella — Trichinella spiralis

Common name: Trichina worm

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Nematoda
Class Enoplea
Clade Dorylaimia
Order Trichinellida
Family Trichinellidae
Genus Trichinella
Species T. spiralis

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Adult worms minute ও slender।
  • Female viviparous/larviparous এবং male-এর চেয়ে বড়।
  • Larva striated muscle fibre-এর মধ্যে characteristic coiled form নেয়।
  • Muscle-stage larva nurse-cell complex-এর মধ্যে থাকতে পারে।
  • Museum/slide spotting-এ coiled encysted larva সবচেয়ে useful clue।

Diagnostic character: Coiled larva embedded in striated skeletal muscle.

Practical identification

Striated muscle-এর মধ্যে coiled larval form থাকার কারণে specimen/slide-টি Trichinella spiralis।

15. Dracunculus — Dracunculus medinensis

Common name: Guinea worm

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Nematoda
Class Chromadorea
Order Rhabditida
Superfamily Dracunculoidea
Family Dracunculidae
Genus Dracunculus
Species D. medinensis

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Adult female exceptionally long, thin, thread-like—প্রায় metre-scale হতে পারে।
  • Male female-এর তুলনায় খুব ছোট।
  • Gravid female subcutaneous tissue-এ অবস্থান করে।
  • Uterus larvae-তে পূর্ণ থাকে।
  • Body smooth, cylindrical ও unsegmented।

Diagnostic character: Exceptionally long, thread-like gravid female nematode.

Practical identification

অস্বাভাবিকভাবে দীর্ঘ thread-like gravid female body-এর কারণে specimen-টি Dracunculus medinensis।

16. Loa — Loa loa

Common name: African eye worm

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Nematoda
Class Chromadorea
Order Rhabditida
Superfamily Filarioidea
Family Onchocercidae
Genus Loa
Species L. loa

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Adult slender filarial worm; subcutaneous tissue-এ থাকে।
  • Cuticle-এ irregular bosses থাকতে পারে।
  • Microfilaria sheathed।
  • Microfilarial tail tapered এবং nuclei tail tip পর্যন্ত extend করে।
  • Microfilariae-এর diurnal periodicity diagnostic context-এ গুরুত্বপূর্ণ।

Diagnostic character: Sheathed microfilaria with nuclei continuing to the tip of the tail.

Practical identification

Sheathed microfilaria এবং tail-tip পর্যন্ত nuclei থাকার কারণে এটি Loa loa।

17. Trichuris — Trichuris trichiura

Common name: Whipworm

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Nematoda
Class Enoplea
Clade Dorylaimia
Order Trichinellida
Family Trichuridae
Genus Trichuris
Species T. trichiura

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Anterior প্রায় two-thirds extremely thin ও whip-like।
  • Posterior অংশ thicker—handle-এর মতো।
  • Male-এর posterior end coiled; female comparatively straight।
  • Egg barrel-shaped with bipolar plugs।
  • Adult cecum/large intestine-এ থাকে।

Diagnostic character: Whip-like thin anterior body + thick posterior; egg with bipolar plugs.

Practical identification

Whip-like anterior end ও thick posterior region-এর কারণে specimen-টি Trichuris trichiura।

18. Hirudo — Hirudo medicinalis

Verified figure: Hirudo medicinalis — preserved LBFL Practical museum-deck image.

Common name: Medicinal leech

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Annelida
Class Clitellata
Subclass Hirudinea
Order Hirudinida
Family Hirudinidae
Genus Hirudo
Species H. medicinalis

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Body dorso-ventrally flattened।
  • Anterior ও posterior দুই প্রান্তে suckers।
  • External annuli numerous।
  • Chaetae ও parapodia absent।
  • Jawed medicinal leech-এ mouth anterior sucker-এর মধ্যে থাকে।

Diagnostic character: Flattened annelid with two suckers and no chaetae.

Practical identification

Dorso-ventrally flattened body, paired end suckers এবং chaetae-এর অনুপস্থিতির কারণে specimen-টি Hirudo।

19. Piscicola — Piscicola geometra

Common name: Fish leech

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Annelida
Class Clitellata
Subclass Hirudinea
Order Hirudinida
Group Oceanobdelliformes
Family Piscicolidae
Genus Piscicola
Representative P. geometra

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Body elongated, narrow এবং annulated।
  • Small anterior sucker এবং large posterior sucker থাকে।
  • Parasitic attachment-এর জন্য posterior sucker খুব conspicuous।
  • Chaetae absent।
  • Fish-এর external surface/gills-এ ectoparasitic।

Diagnostic character: Slender fish leech with markedly developed posterior sucker.

Practical identification

Elongated annulated body ও conspicuous posterior sucker থাকার কারণে specimen-টি Piscicola।

20. Pheretima — Pheretima — traditional syllabus label

Common name: Earthworm

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Annelida
Class Clitellata
Clade Crassiclitellata
Family Megascolecidae
Genus Pheretima sensu syllabus
Traditional textbook species Pheretima posthuma

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Body long, cylindrical ও metamerically segmented।
  • Traditional P. posthuma practical-এ perichaetine setae described হয়।
  • Clitellum traditionally segments 14–16-এ shown হয়।
  • Prostomium epilobous type হিসেবে taught হয়।
  • External genital/spermathecal pores useful practical landmarks।

Diagnostic character: Traditional perichaetine earthworm with clitellum on segments 14–16.

Practical identification

Perichaetine setae এবং segments 14–16-এর clitellum-এর ভিত্তিতে traditional practical specimen-টি Pheretima হিসেবে শনাক্ত করা হয়।

Taxonomy / syllabus note: Modern taxonomy-তে textbook Pheretima posthuma সাধারণত Metaphire posthuma নামে treated। কিন্তু syllabus-এ Pheretima আলাদা label, তাই exam-facing label preserve করা হয়েছে।

21. Sipunculus — Sipunculus nudus

Common name: Peanut worm

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Modern phylum placement Annelida
Traditional phylum Sipuncula
Class Sipunculidea
Order Golfingiida
Family Sipunculidae
Genus Sipunculus
Representative S. nudus

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Body unsegmented, cylindrical/peanut-shaped।
  • Anterior introvert retractile।
  • Mouth introvert-এর tip-এ এবং tentacles দ্বারা surrounded।
  • Anus anterior trunk-এ, introvert base-এর কাছে dorsally opens।
  • Chaetae absent; true external segmentation নেই।

Diagnostic character: Unsegmented peanut-shaped trunk with retractile introvert.

Practical identification

Retractile introvert এবং unsegmented peanut-like body-এর কারণে specimen-টি Sipunculus।

Taxonomy / syllabus note: Traditional courses Sipuncula-কে separate phylum হিসেবে শেখায়; molecular phylogeny এটিকে Annelida-এর মধ্যে রাখে।

22. Fasciola — Fasciola hepatica

Verified figure: Fasciola hepatica — preserved LBFL Practical museum-deck image.

Common name: Liver fluke

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Trematoda
Subclass Digenea
Order Plagiorchiida
Family Fasciolidae
Genus Fasciola
Species F. hepatica

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Body broad leaf-shaped ও flattened।
  • Anterior end-এ cephalic cone ও shoulders।
  • Oral sucker ও ventral sucker present।
  • Adult hermaphrodite।
  • Branched intestinal caeca ও reproductive organs body fill করে।

Diagnostic character: Leaf-shaped body with cephalic cone and two suckers.

Practical identification

Leaf-shaped body, cephalic cone এবং oral/ventral sucker-এর কারণে specimen-টি Fasciola hepatica।

23. Schistosoma — Schistosoma sp. (e.g., S. mansoni)

Verified figure: Schistosoma — preserved LBFL Practical museum-deck image.

Common name: Blood fluke

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Trematoda
Subclass Digenea
Order Strigeidida
Family Schistosomatidae
Genus Schistosoma

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Sexes separate—trematodes-এর মধ্যে distinctive।
  • Male short, thick; female long, slender।
  • Male-এর ventral side-এ gynecophoral canal।
  • Female সাধারণত canal-এর মধ্যে held থাকে।
  • Adults blood vessels-এ live করে।

Diagnostic character: Dioecious blood fluke with male gynecophoral canal.

Practical identification

Separate sexes এবং male-এর gynecophoral canal থাকার কারণে specimen-টি Schistosoma।

24. Convoluta — Convoluta convoluta

Common name: Acoel flatworm

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Xenacoelomorpha
Subphylum Acoelomorpha
Order/Class-level group Acoela
Family Convolutidae
Genus Convoluta
Representative C. convoluta

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Body minute, soft ও dorsoventrally flattened।
  • Body surface ciliated; locomotion gliding type।
  • True through-gut absent; digestive tissue simplified।
  • Anterior sensory region/statocyst present।
  • Traditional zoology books একে Turbellaria/Platyhelminthes-এর সঙ্গে আলোচনা করতে পারে।

Diagnostic character: Minute ciliated acoel with flattened body and no conventional gut.

Practical identification

Ciliated flattened acoel body-এর কারণে specimen-টি Convoluta।

Taxonomy / syllabus note: Modern phylogeny Convoluta-কে Platyhelminthes নয়, Xenacoelomorpha/Acoela-তে রাখে। Exam answer-এ syllabus framework আলাদা করে লিখবে।

25. Diphyllobothrium — Traditional Diphyllobothrium latum = modern Dibothriocephalus latus

Common name: Broad fish tapeworm

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Cestoda
Subclass Eucestoda
Order Diphyllobothriidea
Family Diphyllobothriidae
Modern genus Dibothriocephalus
Species D. latus

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Body long, ribbon-like ও segmented into proglottids।
  • Scolex elongate এবং bothria (grooves) থাকে; four cup-like suckers নেই।
  • Proglottids broader than long।
  • Gravid proglottid-এ central rosette-like uterus।
  • Neck থেকে strobila develops।

Diagnostic character: Scolex with two bothria + broad proglottids + rosette-shaped uterus.

Practical identification

Bothria-bearing scolex এবং broader-than-long proglottids-এর কারণে specimen-টি traditional Diphyllobothrium latum / modern Dibothriocephalus latus।

26. Hymenolepis — Traditional Hymenolepis nana = current Rodentolepis nana in NCBI

Common name: Dwarf tapeworm

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Cestoda
Subclass Eucestoda
Order Cyclophyllidea
Family Hymenolepididae
Current NCBI genus Rodentolepis
Species R. nana

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Adult cestode small/dwarf।
  • Scolex globular with 4 suckers।
  • Retractile rostellum-এ single row of hooks।
  • Strobila short with many small proglottids।
  • Egg-এ polar thickenings থেকে polar filaments বের হয়।

Diagnostic character: Four-suckered scolex with hooked rostellum; eggs with polar filaments.

Practical identification

Hooked rostellum, four suckers এবং polar-filament egg-এর কারণে specimen-টি syllabus Hymenolepis nana।

Taxonomy / syllabus note: CDC এখনও Hymenolepis nana নাম ব্যবহার করে; NCBI homotypic synonym হিসেবে Rodentolepis nana current name দেখায়।

27. Lingula — Lingula anatina

Common name: Tongue shell

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Brachiopoda
Subphylum Linguliformea
Class Lingulata
Order Lingulida
Family Lingulidae
Genus Lingula
Representative L. anatina

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Shell two valves কিন্তু valves dorsal and ventral, bivalve mollusc-এর left-right নয়।
  • Shell elongated, tongue-shaped এবং comparatively thin।
  • Long muscular pedicle posteriorly emerges।
  • Valves mainly organophosphatic/chitinous composition।
  • Lophophore internal feeding organ।

Diagnostic character: Tongue-shaped brachiopod shell with long pedicle and dorsoventral valves.

Practical identification

Dorsoventral bivalved shell ও long pedicle-এর কারণে specimen-টি Lingula।

28. Dentalium — Dentalium sp.

Common name: Tusk shell

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Mollusca
Class Scaphopoda
Order Dentaliida
Family Dentaliidae
Genus Dentalium

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Shell long, tubular, slightly curved ও tusk-like।
  • Shell open at both ends।
  • Anterior wider aperture থেকে foot/head region বের হয়।
  • Posterior aperture narrow।
  • Feeding captacula thread-like structures হিসেবে ব্যবহৃত হয়।

Diagnostic character: Curved tusk-shaped tubular shell open at both ends.

Practical identification

দুই প্রান্তে open, curved tusk-like shell থাকার কারণে specimen-টি Dentalium।

29. Chiton — Chiton sp.

Common name: Chiton / coat-of-mail shell

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Mollusca
Class Polyplacophora
Clade Neoloricata
Order Chitonida
Family Chitonidae
Genus Chiton

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Body oval ও dorsoventrally flattened।
  • Dorsal surface-এ 8 overlapping shell plates থাকে।
  • Plates-এর চারদিকে muscular girdle।
  • Ventral side-এ broad creeping foot।
  • Head poorly differentiated; multiple gills pallial groove-এ।

Diagnostic character: Eight dorsal shell plates surrounded by a broad girdle.

Practical identification

Eight dorsal plates ও broad girdle থাকার কারণে specimen-টি Chiton।

30. Neopilina — Neopilina galatheae

Common name: Living monoplacophoran

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Mollusca
Class Monoplacophora
Order Neopilinida
Family Neopilinidae
Genus Neopilina
Species N. galatheae

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Shell single, cap-like ও bilaterally symmetrical।
  • Broad ventral foot থাকে।
  • Several organs—gills, nephridia, retractor muscles—serially repeated।
  • Head reduced; shell limpet-like।
  • Deep-sea mollusc হিসেবে পরিচিত।

Diagnostic character: Single cap-like shell plus serial repetition of paired internal structures.

Practical identification

Cap-like univalve shell এবং serially repeated organs-এর কারণে specimen-টি Neopilina।

31. Pila — Pila globosa

Verified figure: Pila globosa — preserved LBFL Practical museum-deck image.

Common name: Indian apple snail

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda
Subclass Caenogastropoda
Order/group Architaenioglossa
Family Ampullariidae
Genus Pila
Species P. globosa

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Shell globose ও spirally coiled।
  • Usually dextral।
  • Large body whorl ও short spire।
  • Broad aperture operculum দিয়ে close করা যায়।
  • Living animal-এ muscular foot এবং tentacled head।

Diagnostic character: Globose dextral shell with broad operculate aperture.

Practical identification

Globose coiled shell, broad aperture এবং operculum থাকার কারণে specimen-টি Pila।

32. Mytilus — Mytilus edulis

Common name: Blue mussel

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Mollusca
Class Bivalvia
Subclass Autobranchia
Order Mytilida
Family Mytilidae
Genus Mytilus
Representative M. edulis

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Shell elongated, wedge-shaped ও equivalve but inequilateral।
  • Umbo near anterior end।
  • External shell সাধারণত dark blue/blackish।
  • Attachment-এর জন্য byssus threads তৈরি করে।
  • Anterior adductor comparatively small; posterior adductor larger।

Diagnostic character: Wedge-shaped mussel shell with anterior umbo and byssal attachment.

Practical identification

Elongated wedge-shaped shell এবং byssal attachment-এর কারণে specimen-টি Mytilus।

33. Unio — Unio pictorum

Common name: Freshwater mussel / painter’s mussel

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Mollusca
Class Bivalvia
Subclass Autobranchia
Clade Palaeoheterodonta
Order Unionida
Family Unionidae
Genus Unio
Representative U. pictorum

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Freshwater bivalve with two laterally placed valves।
  • Dorsal margin-এ umbo ও hinge apparatus।
  • Shell interior nacreous।
  • Adult-এ broad, hatchet-shaped muscular foot।
  • Hinge-এ cardinal/lateral teeth থাকতে পারে; byssus adult stage-এ absent।

Diagnostic character: Freshwater unionid shell with umbo, hinge teeth and nacreous inner surface.

Practical identification

Freshwater bivalved shell, dorsal umbo ও unionid hinge characters-এর কারণে specimen-টি Unio।

34. Nautilus — Nautilus pompilius

Common name: Chambered nautilus

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Mollusca
Class Cephalopoda
Subclass Nautiloidea
Order Nautilida
Family Nautilidae
Genus Nautilus
Representative N. pompilius

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Large external planispirally coiled chambered shell।
  • Septa shell-কে chambers-এ divide করে; siphuncle chambers traverse করে।
  • Head-এ numerous tentacles/cirri, typical octopus suckers absent।
  • Large hood shell opening close করতে সাহায্য করে।
  • Living animal outermost chamber-এ থাকে।

Diagnostic character: External chambered coiled shell with many suckerless tentacles.

Practical identification

External chambered shell এবং numerous suckerless tentacles-এর কারণে specimen-টি Nautilus।

35. Sepia — Sepia officinalis

Common name: Cuttlefish

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Mollusca
Class Cephalopoda
Subclass Coleoidea
Clade Decapodiformes
Order Sepiida
Family Sepiidae
Genus Sepia
Representative S. officinalis

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Body oval/flattened mantle with lateral fin running along much of mantle margin।
  • Eight short arms + two long retractile tentacles।
  • Internal calcareous cuttlebone present।
  • Large eyes; funnel and ink sac present।
  • Tentacular clubs bear suckers।

Diagnostic character: Cuttlebone + 8 arms and 2 tentacles + broad lateral fin.

Practical identification

Internal cuttlebone, ten appendages এবং mantle fin-এর কারণে specimen-টি Sepia।

36. Loligo — Loligo vulgaris

Common name: Squid

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Mollusca
Class Cephalopoda
Subclass Coleoidea
Clade Decapodiformes
Order Myopsida
Family Loliginidae
Genus Loligo
Representative L. vulgaris

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Body elongated, streamlined mantle।
  • Eight arms + two long tentacles।
  • Posterior/lateral mantle-এ paired triangular/rhomboid fins।
  • Internal chitinous pen/gladius present।
  • Arms/tentacles bear suckers।

Diagnostic character: Elongated squid body with ten appendages, paired fins and internal pen.

Practical identification

Elongated mantle, 8 arms + 2 tentacles এবং paired fins-এর কারণে specimen-টি Loligo।

37. Octopus — Octopus vulgaris

Verified figure: Octopus vulgaris — preserved LBFL Practical museum-deck image.

Common name: Common octopus

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Mollusca
Class Cephalopoda
Subclass Coleoidea
Order Octopoda
Family Octopodidae
Genus Octopus
Representative O. vulgaris

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Head well developed with large eyes।
  • Mouth-এর চারদিকে exactly 8 muscular arms।
  • Arms-এ numerous suckers।
  • External shell absent; no long feeding tentacle pair।
  • Muscular mantle ও funnel present।

Diagnostic character: Eight sucker-bearing arms and no external shell.

Practical identification

Eight sucker-bearing arms এবং shell-এর অনুপস্থিতির কারণে specimen-টি Octopus।

38. Eupagurus — Eupagurus (traditional) — commonly Pagurus in modern usage

Common name: Hermit crab

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Crustacea / Pancrustacea
Class Malacostraca
Order Decapoda
Infraorder Anomura
Family Paguridae
Modern representative genus Pagurus

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Cephalothorax heavily calcified; abdomen soft, curved ও asymmetrical।
  • Soft abdomen সাধারণত empty gastropod shell-এর ভিতরে থাকে।
  • First pereiopods chelate; chelae often unequal।
  • Abdominal appendages asymmetrically reduced।
  • Uropods abdomen-কে shell-এর ভিতরে anchor করতে সাহায্য করে।

Diagnostic character: Soft asymmetrical coiled abdomen adapted to occupation of a gastropod shell.

Practical identification

Soft asymmetrical abdomen এবং borrowed gastropod shell ব্যবহারের কারণে specimen-টি hermit crab—traditional Eupagurus।

Taxonomy / syllabus note: WoRMS-এ বহু Eupagurus species modern Pagurus বা অন্য pagurid genera-তে accepted।

39. Limulus — Limulus polyphemus

Common name: Horseshoe crab

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Chelicerata
Traditional class Merostomata
Order Xiphosura
Family Limulidae
Genus Limulus
Representative L. polyphemus

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Broad horseshoe-shaped prosoma with hard dorsal shield।
  • Posterior opisthosoma followed by long pointed telson।
  • Antennae absent; chelicerae present।
  • Ventral opisthosoma-তে book gills।
  • Lateral compound eyes visible dorsally।

Diagnostic character: Horseshoe-shaped prosomal shield + long sword-like telson.

Practical identification

Horseshoe-shaped carapace ও long telson-এর কারণে specimen-টি Limulus।

40. Millipedes — Millipede — representative Julus / Class Diplopoda

Common name: Millipede

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Myriapoda
Class Diplopoda
Representative order Julida
Representative genus Julus

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Body usually cylindrical ও elongated।
  • Most apparent trunk diplosegments-এ two pairs of legs।
  • Head-এ one pair antennae।
  • First trunk segment forms collum।
  • Defensive glands (repugnatorial glands) many segments-এ থাকতে পারে।

Diagnostic character: Two pairs of legs on most diplosegments.

Practical identification

Most trunk diplosegments-এ two pairs of legs থাকার কারণে specimen-টি Millipede, Class Diplopoda।

41. Centipedes — Centipede — representative Scolopendra

Verified figure: Scolopendra sp. — centipede — preserved LBFL Practical museum-deck image.

Common name: Centipede

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Myriapoda
Class Chilopoda
Order Scolopendromorpha
Family Scolopendridae
Representative genus Scolopendra

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Body dorsoventrally flattened; head + long trunk।
  • Each typical trunk segment-এ one pair of legs।
  • Head-এ one pair long antennae।
  • First trunk appendages modified into venom-bearing forcipules।
  • Fast terrestrial predator।

Diagnostic character: One pair legs per segment + venomous forcipules.

Practical identification

One pair legs per trunk segment এবং forcipules থাকার কারণে specimen-টি Centipede, Class Chilopoda।

42. Palaemon — Palaemon sp. (representative P. serratus)

Common name: Prawn

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Arthropoda
Subphylum Crustacea / Pancrustacea
Class Malacostraca
Order Decapoda
Infraorder Caridea
Family Palaemonidae
Genus Palaemon

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Body cephalothorax ও segmented abdomen-এ divided।
  • Cephalothorax carapace-covered এবং anteriorly rostrum।
  • Five pairs pereiopods; anterior pairs chelate হতে পারে।
  • Two pairs antennae এবং stalked compound eyes।
  • Pleopods abdominally; telson + uropods form tail fan।

Diagnostic character: Caridean prawn with rostrum, five walking-leg pairs and tail fan.

Practical identification

Rostrum, decapod pereiopods এবং tail fan-এর কারণে specimen-টি Palaemon।

43. Antedon — Antedon bifida

Common name: Feather star

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Echinodermata
Subphylum Pelmatozoa
Class Crinoidea
Subclass Articulata
Order Comatulida
Family Antedonidae
Genus Antedon
Representative A. bifida

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Central disc থেকে five primary arms arise করে, usually bifurcate হয়ে 10 arms produce।
  • Arms-এ numerous lateral pinnules, feather-like appearance দেয়।
  • Adult free-moving but aboral cirri দিয়ে temporarily attach করতে পারে।
  • Mouth এবং anus oral/upward surface-এ।
  • Adult permanent stalk absent।

Diagnostic character: Feather-like pinnulate arms and aboral cirri; no adult stalk.

Practical identification

Pinnulate feather-like arms এবং aboral cirri-এর কারণে specimen-টি Antedon।

44. Asterias — Asterias rubens

Common name: Common starfish

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Echinodermata
Class Asteroidea
Clade Forcipulatacea
Order Forcipulatida
Family Asteriidae
Genus Asterias
Representative A. rubens

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Central disc থেকে usually five broad arms/rays।
  • Arms disc-এর সঙ্গে broadly continuous।
  • Oral side-এ open ambulacral grooves ও sucker-bearing tube feet।
  • Aboral surface-এ spines, papulae এবং pedicellariae।
  • Madreporite aboral side-এ visible।

Diagnostic character: Broad five-rayed star with open ambulacral grooves and sucker-bearing tube feet.

Practical identification

Five broad arms, open ambulacral grooves এবং sucker-bearing tube feet-এর কারণে specimen-টি Asterias।

45. Echinus — Echinus esculentus

Verified figure: Echinus esculentus — preserved LBFL Practical museum-deck image.

Common name: Sea urchin

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Echinodermata
Class Echinoidea
Order Camarodonta
Family Echinidae
Genus Echinus
Representative E. esculentus

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Body globular; arms absent।
  • Fused calcareous plates rigid test তৈরি করে।
  • Test-এ many movable spines।
  • Five ambulacral + five interambulacral zones।
  • Oral side-এ Aristotle’s lantern।

Diagnostic character: Globular rigid test with movable spines and five ambulacral zones.

Practical identification

Globular test, movable spines এবং five ambulacral zones-এর কারণে specimen-টি Echinus।

46. Holothuria — Holothuria sp. (e.g., H. atra)

Verified figure: Holothuria — preserved LBFL Practical museum-deck image.

Common name: Sea cucumber

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Echinodermata
Class Holothuroidea
Order Holothuriida
Family Holothuriidae
Genus Holothuria

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Body cucumber-shaped, elongated ও leathery।
  • Rigid external test absent; skeleton reduced to microscopic ossicles।
  • Mouth-এর চারদিকে oral tentacles।
  • Ventral tube feet often more developed।
  • Internal respiratory trees present।

Diagnostic character: Soft cucumber-shaped echinoderm with oral tentacles and reduced ossicles.

Practical identification

Cucumber-shaped soft body ও oral tentacles-এর কারণে specimen-টি Holothuria।

47. Ophiura — Ophiura ophiura

Common name: Brittle star

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Echinodermata
Class Ophiuroidea
Order-level clade Amphilepidida / Ophiurina
Family Ophiuridae
Genus Ophiura
Representative O. ophiura

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Central disc sharply demarcated from arms।
  • Five long, slender, highly flexible arms।
  • Arms articulated by vertebral ossicles and move mainly sideways।
  • Ambulacral grooves closed; tube feet generally without terminal suckers।
  • Anus absent in typical ophiuroids।

Diagnostic character: Clearly distinct disc with long slender jointed brittle-star arms.

Practical identification

Distinct central disc এবং long flexible articulated arms-এর কারণে specimen-টি Ophiura।

48. Cucumaria — Cucumaria frondosa

Common name: Dendrochirotid sea cucumber

Classification

Rank Taxon
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Echinodermata
Class Holothuroidea
Clade Dendrochirotacea
Order Dendrochirotida
Family Cucumariidae
Genus Cucumaria
Representative C. frondosa

শনাক্তকারী বৈশিষ্ট্য

  • Body short/stout, cucumber-like ও leathery।
  • Mouth-এর চারদিকে 10 branched dendritic tentacles।
  • Tube feet often arranged in five longitudinal rows।
  • Body wall-এ calcareous ossicles।
  • Respiratory trees internal।

Diagnostic character: Sea cucumber with conspicuous branched dendritic oral tentacles.

Practical identification

Branched oral tentacles এবং stout cucumber-like body-এর কারণে specimen-টি Cucumaria।

High-yield Comparison Table

Pair Fast distinction
Metaphire/Pheretima vs Lumbricus perichaetine/anterior clitellum vs fewer chaetae/posterior clitellum
Hirudo vs Piscicola broad medicinal leech vs narrow fish leech with conspicuous posterior sucker
Fasciola vs Schistosoma leaf-shaped hermaphrodite vs dioecious, male gynecophoral canal
Wuchereria vs Loa microfilaria tail-tip without nuclei vs nuclei extend to tail tip
Sepia vs Loligo vs Octopus cuttlebone + broad fin / pen + squid fins / 8 arms only
Millipede vs Centipede 2 pairs legs per diplosegment vs 1 pair per segment + forcipules
Asterias vs Ophiura broad rays continuous with disc vs sharply distinct disc + slender arms
Holothuria vs Cucumaria general sea cucumber vs conspicuous branched dendritic oral tentacles

Syllabus Nomenclature Notes

  • Metaphere: source spelling preserved; probable Metaphire but independent specimen-label verification required.
  • Pheretima: separate syllabus label retained; traditional P. posthuma is commonly treated today as Metaphire posthuma.
  • Diphyllobothrium: syllabus label retained; broad fish tapeworm is now commonly Dibothriocephalus latus.
  • Hymenolepis nana: syllabus/CDC usage retained; NCBI lists Rodentolepis nana as current name.
  • Convoluta: traditional flatworm placement differs from modern Xenacoelomorpha/Acoela.
  • Sipunculus: traditional Phylum Sipuncula remains useful for exam alignment; modern phylogeny nests sipunculans within Annelida.
  • Eupagurus: traditional hermit-crab genus label; many species now placed in Pagurus or other pagurid genera.

Spotting Template

Specimen:
Phylum:
Class:
Order/Family (if required):

Identifying characters:
1.
2.
3.

Diagnostic character:

Conclusion:
উপরের diagnostic characters-এর ভিত্তিতে specimen-টি __________ হিসেবে শনাক্ত করা হলো।