Educational note: This page supports academic biology learning and exam preparation. Verify syllabus-specific details with your teacher, textbook, and institution.
শিক্ষামূলক নোট: এই পৃষ্ঠা একাডেমিক জীববিজ্ঞান শেখা ও পরীক্ষার প্রস্তুতির সহায়ক।
শিক্ষামূলক নোট: এই পৃষ্ঠা একাডেমিক জীববিজ্ঞান শেখা ও পরীক্ষার প্রস্তুতির সহায়ক।
Study of Permanent Slides
NU syllabus অনুযায়ী at least 20 slides study করতে হবে। নিচে 43-preparation reference bank দেওয়া হলো; departmental availability ও course requirement অনুযায়ী এখান থেকে ≥20 preparation নির্বাচন করা যাবে।
A. Whole Animals — Protozoans, Rotifers & Arthropods
| Slide | What to identify | Diagnostic cues |
|---|---|---|
| Amoeba proteus | whole mount | irregular outline, pseudopodia, nucleus, food vacuoles |
| Paramecium caudatum | whole mount | slipper-shaped body, cilia, oral groove, macro/micronucleus |
| Euglena viridis | whole mount | spindle body, flagellum, chloroplasts, eyespot |
| Vorticella | whole mount | bell-shaped zooid, contractile stalk, peristomial cilia |
| Rotifer (Brachionus) | whole mount | corona, lorica, mastax, posterior foot |
| Daphnia | whole mount | bivalved carapace, large second antennae, compound eye, brood chamber |
| Cyclops | whole mount | unpaired median eye, long antennules, narrow abdomen, paired egg sacs in female |
| Moina | whole mount | cladoceran body, large antennae, brood chamber |
Modern terminology note: syllabus-এর “protozoans” traditional teaching term; modern taxonomy-তে Amoeba, Paramecium ও Euglena Animalia-এর অংশ নয়।
B. Mouth Parts of Arthropods
| Slide | Type | Key structures |
|---|---|---|
| Cockroach | biting & chewing | labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium, hypopharynx |
| Grasshopper | biting & chewing | strong mandibles + maxillae/labium |
| Mosquito | piercing & sucking | elongated proboscis; stylets within labial sheath |
| Housefly | sponging | labium ending in labella with pseudotracheae |
| Butterfly/moth | siphoning | coiled proboscis formed chiefly by maxillary galeae |
| Honeybee | chewing-lapping | mandibles + elongated labium/maxillae |
Slide-answer rule
Mouthpart slide-এ “type” বলাই যথেষ্ট নয়; which parts are modified and what function they perform—এটিও লিখবে।
C. Parasites — Nematodes & Platyhelminths
| Slide | Stage / cue | Identification clue |
|---|---|---|
| Ancylostoma adult | anterior/posterior | hook-like anterior; male bursa |
| Hookworm egg | egg | thin-shelled, oval, segmented embryo |
| Enterobius | adult/egg | cephalic alae; planoconvex egg |
| Trichuris | adult/egg | whip-like body; bipolar-plug egg |
| Trichinella | muscle larva | coiled larva in striated muscle |
| Wuchereria microfilaria | blood smear | sheath; nuclei do not reach tail tip |
| Loa loa microfilaria | blood smear | sheath; nuclei reach tail tip |
| Fasciola | whole mount | leaf-shaped; suckers; branched gut |
| Schistosoma | adult pair | stout male + slender female in gynecophoral canal |
| Hymenolepis nana | scolex/egg | 4 suckers, hooked rostellum; polar filaments |
| broad fish tapeworm | proglottid/scolex | bothria; broad proglottids; rosette uterus |
D. Larval Forms of Invertebrates
| Larva | Adult group | Diagnostic cues |
|---|---|---|
| Planula | Cnidaria | ciliated elongated larva |
| Trochophore | annelids/molluscan ancestry | preoral ciliary band (prototroch), apical tuft |
| Veliger | Mollusca | velum + developing shell |
| Glochidium | Unionid bivalve | small bivalved larva, hooks in many species |
| Nauplius | Crustacea | unsegmented body, median naupliar eye, 3 appendage pairs |
| Zoea | Decapod crustaceans | spines, large eyes, thoracic appendages |
| Megalopa | crab transition | crab-like cephalothorax + retained abdomen |
| Bipinnaria | Asteroidea | bilateral larva with ciliated arms |
| Ophiopluteus | Ophiuroidea | long skeletal arms |
| Echinopluteus | Echinoidea | bilateral pluteus with skeletal rods |
E. Histological Slides of Invertebrates
Suggested set:
- Earthworm T.S. — cuticle, epidermis, circular/longitudinal muscle, coelom, gut, typhlosole, dorsal/ventral vessels.
- Leech T.S. — reduced coelom, muscular body wall, gut/diverticula.
- Cockroach intestine T.S. — epithelium, lumen, muscle layers.
- Prawn gill section — gill lamellae/filaments and vascular spaces.
- Molluscan gill section — lamellae and ciliated epithelium.
- Testis/ovary of an invertebrate — germ-cell sequence.
- Fasciola T.S. — tegument, gut, reproductive tissue.
- Nematode T.S. — cuticle, hypodermis, longitudinal muscles, pseudocoel, gut/reproductive tube.
Permanent-slide Spotting Template
Slide:
Preparation:
Magnification:
Observed characters:
1.
2.
3.
Identification:
Reason:
Microscope Workflow
- Slide label না দেখে প্রথমে low power-এ overall pattern observe করো।
- Specimen center করো।
- Low → high power progression অনুসরণ করো।
- Diagnostic structure identify করার পরে label check করো।
- Drawing-এ field border, scale/magnification এবং essential labels রাখো।
- Histology-তে artefact ও true tissue boundary আলাদা করো।